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        <full_title>International Journal of Education and Information Technologies</full_title>
        <issn media_type="electronic">2074-1316</issn>
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        <titles>
          <title>A Theoretical AI - Fuzzy Logic Framework for Student Learning Profiles and Differentiated Instruction in Primary Education</title>
        </titles>
        <contributors>
          <person_name sequence="first" contributor_role="author">
            <given_name>Maria</given_name>
            <surname>Grigori</surname>
            <affiliations>
              <institution>
                <institution_name>School of Administrative Economic &amp; Social Sciences University of West Attica, Athens, Greece</institution_name>
              </institution>
            </affiliations>
          </person_name>
          <person_name sequence="additional" contributor_role="author">
            <given_name>Klimis</given_name>
            <surname>Ntalianis</surname>
            <affiliations>
              <institution>
                <institution_name>School of Administrative Economic &amp; Social Sciences University of West Attica, Athens, Greece</institution_name>
              </institution>
            </affiliations>
          </person_name>
          <person_name sequence="additional" contributor_role="author">
            <given_name>Nikos E.</given_name>
            <surname>Mastorakis</surname>
            <affiliations>
              <institution>
                <institution_name>Technical University of Sofia Sofia, Bulgaria </institution_name>
              </institution>
            </affiliations>
          </person_name>
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        <jats:abstract>
          <jats:p>This theoretical paper presents an AI-supported fuzzy logic framework for classroom grouping and individualized instruction in primary education. The learner profile integrates three dimensions elicited via a chatbot using a three-point scale: VARK, learning preferences, and interests. Student responses are mapped to fuzzy membership values to construct a compact learner vector enabling dynamic, non-rigid classification. A Mamdani inference mechanism aggregates IF–THEN rules to generate graded recommendations across five pedagogical approaches: Project-Based Learning, Challenge-Based Learning, STEAM, Makerspace/Experiential–Collaborative Learning, and Game-Based Learning. Based on these recommendations, a grouping module supports the formation of heterogeneous or homogeneous student teams aligned with instructional goals. A simulation across varying class sizes indicates that the framework maintains low grouping time while preserving higher group-quality indicators compared to random and manual grouping strategies. The main contributions include a lightweight learner-profile model, fuzzy pedagogical recommendations, and a flexible grouping workflow complementing teacher judgment.</jats:p>
        </jats:abstract>
        <publication_date media_type="print">
          <month>08</month>
          <day>03</day>
          <year>2026</year>
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        <publication_date media_type="online">
          <month>08</month>
          <day>03</day>
          <year>2026</year>
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        <pages>
          <first_page>159</first_page>
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          <item_number item_number_type="article_number">17</item_number>
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          <doi>10.46300/9109.2026.20.17</doi>
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