<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<doi_batch version="5.4.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="http://www.crossref.org/schema/5.4.0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.crossref.org/schema/5.4.0 https://www.crossref.org/schemas/crossref5.4.0.xsd" xmlns:jats="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/JATS1" xmlns:fr="http://www.crossref.org/fundref.xsd" xmlns:ai="http://www.crossref.org/AccessIndicators.xsd" xmlns:rel="http://www.crossref.org/relations.xsd" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
  <head>
    <doi_batch_id>NONE</doi_batch_id>
    <timestamp>20260630062817169</timestamp>
    <depositor>
      <depositor_name>naun/naun</depositor_name>
      <email_address>content-registration-form@crossref.org</email_address>
    </depositor>
    <registrant>content-registration-form</registrant>
  </head>
  <body>
    <journal>
      <journal_metadata>
        <full_title>International Journal of Education and Information Technologies</full_title>
        <issn media_type="electronic">2074-1316</issn>
      </journal_metadata>
      <journal_article>
        <titles>
          <title>A hybrid FRAM-Kirkpatrick framework for evaluating OSH digital training effectiveness in complex socio-technical systems</title>
        </titles>
        <contributors>
          <person_name sequence="first" contributor_role="author">
            <given_name>Andrei Stefan</given_name>
            <surname>Iacob</surname>
            <affiliations>
              <institution>
                <institution_name>National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Robotics, 313 Splaiul Independenței, Sector 6, Zip Code 060042, Bucharest, Romania</institution_name>
              </institution>
            </affiliations>
          </person_name>
          <person_name sequence="additional" contributor_role="author">
            <given_name>Oana-Roxana</given_name>
            <surname>Chivu</surname>
            <affiliations>
              <institution>
                <institution_name>National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Robotics, 313 Splaiul Independenței, Sector 6, Zip Code 060042, Bucharest, Romania</institution_name>
              </institution>
            </affiliations>
          </person_name>
          <person_name sequence="additional" contributor_role="author">
            <given_name>Mihnea</given_name>
            <surname>Costoiu</surname>
            <affiliations>
              <institution>
                <institution_name>National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Robotics, 313 Splaiul Independenței, Sector 6, Zip Code 060042, Bucharest, Romania</institution_name>
              </institution>
            </affiliations>
          </person_name>
          <person_name sequence="additional" contributor_role="author">
            <given_name>Alina</given_name>
            <surname>Trifu</surname>
            <affiliations>
              <institution>
                <institution_name>National Research and Development Institute on Occupational Safety - I.N.C.D.P.M. “Alexandru Darabont”, 35A Ghencea Blvd., Zip Code 061692, Bucharest, Romania </institution_name>
              </institution>
            </affiliations>
          </person_name>
          <person_name sequence="additional" contributor_role="author">
            <given_name>Roland</given_name>
            <surname>Moraru</surname>
            <affiliations>
              <institution>
                <institution_name>University of Petroșani, Faculty of Mining, Department of Management and Industrial Engineering, Petrosani, Zip Code 332006, Hunedoara, Romania</institution_name>
              </institution>
            </affiliations>
          </person_name>
          <person_name sequence="additional" contributor_role="author">
            <given_name>Adrian</given_name>
            <surname>Bibiș</surname>
            <affiliations>
              <institution>
                <institution_name>National Research and Development Institute for Gas Turbines COMOTI, B-dul Iuliu Maniu nr. 220D, sector 6, Zip Code 061126, Bucharest, Romania </institution_name>
              </institution>
            </affiliations>
          </person_name>
        </contributors>
        <jats:abstract>
          <jats:p>Digital occupational safety and health training is nowadays widely adopted in complex socio-technical systems. Yet its effectiveness is often assessed using linear approaches that fail to capture impacts on real work and system performance. This study argues that training effectiveness cannot be meaningfully evaluated without a systemic perspective. To address this gap, the paper proposes the FRAM-Kirkpatrick Framework, integrating the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) with the Kirkpatrick training evaluation model. The framework conceptualizes digital OSH training as a systemic intervention influencing functional performance variability. The FRAM-Kirkpatrick Framework is applied through multiple case studies in the road transport sector involving three companies and 47 professional drivers. Results show significant improvements in learning and safe behavior, accompanied by a substantial reduction in functional variability within critical system functions. The findings demonstrate that the FRAM-Kirkpatrick Framework enables a more robust evaluation of digital training effectiveness in complex socio-technical systems.</jats:p>
        </jats:abstract>
        <publication_date media_type="print">
          <month>06</month>
          <day>30</day>
          <year>2026</year>
        </publication_date>
        <publication_date media_type="online">
          <month>06</month>
          <day>30</day>
          <year>2026</year>
        </publication_date>
        <pages>
          <first_page>124</first_page>
        </pages>
        <publisher_item>
          <item_number item_number_type="article_number">13</item_number>
        </publisher_item>
        <ai:program name="AccessIndicators">
          <ai:license_ref>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en_US</ai:license_ref>
        </ai:program>
        <doi_data>
          <doi>10.46300/9109.2026.20.13</doi>
          <resource>https://npublications.com/journals/educationinformation/2026/a262008-013(2026).pdf</resource>
        </doi_data>
        <citation_list>
          <citation key="ref0">
            <unstructured_citation>C. Büscher (2022). “The Problem of Observing Sociotechnical Entities in Social Science and Humanities Energy Transition Research”, Frontiers in Sociology, volume 6, pp. 699362, doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2021.699362</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref1">
            <unstructured_citation>I. T. de Souza, A. C. Rosa, M. C. R. Vidal, M. K. Najjar, A. W. A. Hammad, (2021). “Information Technologies in Complex Socio-Technical Systems Based on Functional Variability: A Case Study on HVAC Maintenance Work Orders”. Applied Sciences, volume 11, issue 3, pp. 1049, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/app11031049</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref2">
            <unstructured_citation>P. M. Salmon, Gemma J.M. Read, Nicholas J. Steven, “Who is in control of road safety? A STAMP control structure analysis of the road transport system” Accident Analysis &amp; Prevention, volume 96, pp. 140-151, 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2016.05.025</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref3">
            <unstructured_citation>G.J. Casey, T. Miles-Johnson, G.J. Stevens “I'm Not Right to Drive, but I Drove out the Gate": Personal and Contextual Factors Affecting Truck Driver Fatigue Compliance”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, volume 22, issue 11, pp. 1724, 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22111724</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref4">
            <unstructured_citation>L. N. Langendorf, S. Khalid, “Systematic literature review on usability and training outcomes of using digital training technologies in industry”, Computers in Human Behavior Reports, volume 17, pp. 100604, 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100604</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref5">
            <unstructured_citation>T. H. Dao, A. C. Sisavath, , H. T. T Bui, “Digital Workforce Training, Employee Motivation, Job Satisfaction, Digital Behavior as Determinants of Employee Performance”, Sage Open, volume 15, issue 4, 2025. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440251395698</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref6">
            <unstructured_citation>A. Badriya, Fung, Chorng Yuan, Turner, K., Lim, Agnes, “A Critical Review on Training Evaluation Models: A Search for Future Agenda”, Journal of Cognitive Sciences and Human Development, volume 10, issue 1, pp. 142- 170, 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.33736/jcshd.6336.2024</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref7">
            <unstructured_citation>H. Stefan, M. Mortimer, B. Horan, “Evaluating the effectiveness of virtual reality for safety-relevant training: a systematic review”. Virtual Reality, volume 27, pp. 2839–2869, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055- 023-00843-7</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref8">
            <unstructured_citation>H. Urbancova, H. Vrabcová, “Effective Training Evaluation: The Role of Factors Influencing the Evaluation of Effectiveness of Employee Training and Development”, Sustainability, volume 13, issue 5, pp. 2721, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052721.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref9">
            <unstructured_citation>P. Carayon, P. Hancock, N. Leveson, I. Noy, L. Sznelwar, G. van Hootegem, “Advancing a sociotechnical systems approach to workplace safety – developing the conceptual framework”, Ergonomics, volume 58, issue 4, pp. 548– 564, 2015, 548–564, Accessed Date: 03, 22, 2025, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2015.1015623.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref10">
            <unstructured_citation>A. Bayramova, D. J. Edwards, C. Roberts, I. Rillie, “Enhanced safety in complex socio-technical systems via safety-in-cohesion”, Safety Science, volume 164, pp. 106176 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2023.106176</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref11">
            <unstructured_citation>R. Patriarca, G. Di Gravio, R. Woltjer, F. Costantino, G. Praetorius, P. Ferreira, E. Hollnagel, “Framing the FRAM: A literature review on the functional resonance analysis method”, Safety Science, volume 129, pp. 104827, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104827.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref12">
            <unstructured_citation>E. Hollnagel, “Prologue: The Scope of Resilience Engineering” Resilience Engineering in Practice: A Guidebook, Ashgate Publishing Company, Bulington, ISBN 978-1409410355, 2011, https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781317065265 _A34254892/preview-9781317065265_A34254892.pdf. [Access Date: 01/01/2026]</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref13">
            <unstructured_citation>A. Aljawharah, C. Callinan, “Adaptation of Kirkpatrick’s Four-Level Model of Training Criteria to Evaluate Training Programmes for Head Teachers” Education Sciences volume 11, issue 3, pp. 116, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11030116</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref14">
            <unstructured_citation>M. Cahapay, “Kirkpatrick Model: Its Limitations as Used in Higher Education Evaluation”, International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, volume 8, issue 1, pp. 135-144, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.856143</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref15">
            <unstructured_citation>A. Cordeiro, Y. Ferreira, R. Leite, L. Almeida, M. Catapan, A. Siqueira, T. Silva “Immersive technologies for evaluating industrial safety training in high-risk environments: a review on opportunities and challenges”. Frontiers. Virtual Reality, volume 6, pp. 1726058, 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2025.1726058</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref16">
            <unstructured_citation>J.M. Spector, “Conceptualizing the emerging field of smart learning environments”, Smart Learning Environment, volume 1, issue 2, pp. 2, 2014, doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-014-0002-7.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref17">
            <unstructured_citation>A. Babalola, P. Manu, C. Cheung, A. Yunusa-Kaltungo, P. Bartolo, “Applications of immersive technologies for occupational safety and health training and education: A systematic review”, Safety Science, volume 166, pp. 106214, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2023.106214.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref18">
            <unstructured_citation>D. Scorgie, Z. Feng, D. Paes, F. Parisi, T.W. Yiu, R. Lovreglio, “Virtual reality for safety training: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis”, Safety Science, volume 171, pp. 106372, 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2023.106372.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref19">
            <unstructured_citation>D. E. Itodo, S. O. Oshodi, N. I. Nwankwo, F. A. Emuze, E. Chinyio, “The Use of Digital Technologies in Construction Safety: A Systematic Review” Buildings, volume 15, issue 8, pp. 1386, 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15081386</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref20">
            <unstructured_citation>A. M. Vukićević, I. Mačužić, M. Djapan, , Milićević, V., L. Shamina, “Digital Training and Advanced Learning in Occupational Safety and Health Based on Modern and Affordable Technologies”, Sustainability, volume 13, issue 24, pp. 13641, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413641</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref21">
            <unstructured_citation>R. Rampun, Z. Zainol, D. Tajuddinc, “The effects of training transfer on training program evaluation and effectiveness of training program. Management Research Journal”, volume 9, pp. 43–53, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.37134/mrj.vol9.sp.4.2020</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref22">
            <unstructured_citation>H. Yaseen, A. S. Mohammad, N. Ashal, H. Abusaimeh, “The Impact of Adaptive Learning Technologies, Personalized Feedback, and Interactive AI Tools on Student Engagement: The Moderating Role of Digital Literacy”. Sustainability, volume 17, issue 3, pp. 1133, 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su17031133.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref23">
            <unstructured_citation>A. O'Neill, “Transfer of workplace e-learning: A systematic literature review”, Social Sciences and Humanities Open, volume 11, pp. 101407, 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101407.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref24">
            <unstructured_citation>K. H. Wang, “Sustainable E-learning? A flash in the pan or a lasting change for workers”, World Development Sustainability, volume 7, pp. 100258, 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wds.2025.100258.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref25">
            <unstructured_citation>S. Kauffeld, J. Decius, C. Graßmann, “Learning and Transfer in Organisations: How It Works and Can Be Supported.” European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, volume 34, issue 2, pp. 161– 74, 2025, doi:</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref26">
            <unstructured_citation>F. Fauth, J. González-Martínez, “The Work Environment and Its Influence on Learning Transfer in Virtual InService ICT Training for Teachers and University Professors” Education Sciences volume 13, issue 4, pp. 330, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040330.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref27">
            <unstructured_citation>B.D. Blume, J. Kevin Ford, E.A. Surface, J. Olenick, „A dynamic model of training transfer, Human Resource Management Review”, Advancing Training for the 21st Century, volume 29, issue 2, 2019, pp. 270-283, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2017.11.004.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref28">
            <unstructured_citation>B. Trenerry, S. Chng, Y. Wang, Z. S. Suhaila, S.S. Lim, H.Y. Lu “Preparing Workplaces for Digital Transformation: An Integrative Review and Framework of Multi-Level Factors”. Frontiers. Psychology, volume 12, issue 1, pp. 620766, 2021, https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cis_research/84/, [Access Date: 01/01/2206].</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref29">
            <unstructured_citation>E. Salas, S. I. Tannenbaum, K., Kraiger, K. A. SmithJentsch, “The science of training and development in organizations”. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, volume 13, issue 2, pp. 74–101, 2012, doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100612436661.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref30">
            <unstructured_citation>A. Grohmann, S. Kauffeld, “Evaluating training programs: Development and correlates of the Questionnaire for Professional Training Evaluation”. International Journal of Training and Development, volume 17(2), pp. 135– 155, 2013, https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2013-15765- 003, [Access Date: 01/01/2026].</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref31">
            <unstructured_citation>T. Sitzmann, K. G. Brown, W. J. Casper, K., R. D. Zimmerman, “A review and meta-analysis of the nomological network of trainee reactions”. Journal of Applied Psychology, volume 93, issue 2, pp. 280–295, 2011, doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.2.280</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref32">
            <unstructured_citation>B. D. Blume, J. K. Ford, T. T. Baldwin, J. L. Huang “Transfer of training: A meta-analytic review”. Journal of Management, volume 36, issue 4, pp. 1065–1105, 2010, doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206309352880</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref33">
            <unstructured_citation>R. Bates, “A critical analysis of evaluation practice: The Kirkpatrick model and the principle of beneficence”, Evaluation and Program Planning, volume 27, issue 3, pp. 341–347, 2004. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2004.04.011</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref34">
            <unstructured_citation>L. Praslova, “Adaptation of Kirkpatrick’s four level model of training criteria to assessment of learning outcomes and program evaluation in Higher Education.” Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability, volume 22, pp. 215–225, 2010, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11092-010-9098-7.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref35">
            <unstructured_citation>E. Hollnagel, “FRAM: The Functional Resonance Analysis Method: Modelling Complex Socio-Technical Systems”, eBook ISBN 9781315255071, 2012, doi: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315255071.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref36">
            <unstructured_citation>E. Hollnagel, “Safety-I and Safety-II: The Past and Future of Safety Management.” Cognition Technology and Work, volume 17, pp. 461-464, 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10111-015-0345-z</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref37">
            <unstructured_citation>T. Bjerga, T. Aven, E. Zio, “ Uncertainty treatment in risk analysis of complex systems: The cases of STAMP and FRAM”, Reliability Engineering &amp; System Safety, volume 156, pp. 203-209, 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2016.08.004.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref38">
            <unstructured_citation>L. V. Rosa, A. N. Haddad, P. V. R. de Carvalho, “Assessing risk in sustainable construction using FRAM”, Cogn Tech Work, volume 17, pp. 559–573, 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10111-015-0337-z.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
          <citation key="ref39">
            <unstructured_citation>R. Patriarca, G Di Gravio, F. Costantino, “A Monte Carlo evolution of the FRAM to assess performance variability”. Safety Science, volume 91, pp. 49–60, 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2016.07.016.</unstructured_citation>
          </citation>
        </citation_list>
      </journal_article>
    </journal>
  </body>
</doi_batch>